Depiction of Female Characters in Shakespeare’s Othello

â€Å"It is their husbands’ faults, if their wives do fail†. Othello, a play about race, power and gender is one of the best works of Shakespeare, and highlights few of the major societal issues of his time. On the one side is Othello, who is caught in his racial inferiority, fighting the prejudices his society has heaped upon him. And on the other side is Desdemona, who has transgressed her gender lines to marry the Moor, but is ultimately pushed into the sphere of submission and obedience – the traditional place where a woman should keep herself.We are made to wonder then: Whose tragedy is Othello really about and who was the real victim, Othello for his racial inferiority or Desdemona for her gender? If Othello makes himself appear to be a victim of Iago’s plans, confessing â€Å"nought I did in hate, but all in honor†, then he had too had once made Desdemona his victim. And not Desdemona alone, the other two women in the play, Emilia and Bianca face similar consequences. Emilia is another chaste, obedient and loyal wife to Iago – the malignant conniver, worser than Desdemona, she is never treated as a wife.And the last Bianca is, in fact, a fallen woman – a prostitute. The treatment of women in the play and the assumptions made about them removes the curtains drawn and triggers the single question in the minds of the readers – How true is the depiction of women in the play, and did Shakespeare’s society treat women in the same manner? As a matter of fact, seventeenth century England did not reserve a grand place for women, and feminist writings on women’s deplorable lives have come up mostly during Shakespeare’s time.This paper will study the three women characters and emit some light on the injustice faced by them and how they have been mere projections of male prejudices – they are assumed to be what men think them to be. The protagonist of the play is the beautiful, fair- skinned Venetian Desdemona. As her name would stand to mean ‘ill-fated’, Desdemona proves to be the most-affected victim of Iago, as until Othello comes to smother her, she was unaware of the cruel game played against her. Innocently in love ith Othello, she has been extremely loyal and supportive to her husband. When the play first introduces Desdemona, she is a different person from what she will become in Cyprus. Bold in her approach and almost fearless, she does not resemble the Venetian women of seventeenth century; by leaving her father’s house and marrying the Moor, thus committing miscegenation she takes her first step in redefining her role as a ‘woman’. She confirms Othello’s speech and accepts Othello as her husband.With her cunning, she smartly handles the situation and adeptly performs her â€Å"divided duty† – to her father for â€Å"life and education†, and to Othello for being her husband and companion; she admits her wifely behavior descending from her ‘mother’, who had also once preferred her husband to her father. Her love is not affected by Othello’s racial difference as she could overlook Othello’s physical ugliness and fall in love with the man inside him; she saw Othello’s â€Å"visage in his mind†.She also subverts feminism by unflinchingly asserting her sexuality and her love affair with Othello, and firmly says, â€Å"I did love the Moor to live with him†, and decides to follow him to Cyprus. That is the only time we see Desdemona’s vigor to stand for her defense. The shift of the play from Venice to Cyprus is not just spatial, it also has symbolic overtones. As from then onwards, Desdemona is reallocated to the position she tried to transgress, although in a different form – this time, playing a wife.Without any relatives or acquaintances, in Cyprus Desdemona is all on her own and all the more vulnerable. Her mar riage becomes a scandal, â€Å"not in her failure to receive her father's prior consent but in her husband's blackness. That blackness- the sign of all that the society finds frightening and dangerous- is the indelible witness to Othello's permanent status as an outsider†, and to convince him the truth in Desdemona’s love is impossible. Being a self-fashioner, he is always in need of symbols and signs to believe in Desdemona’s idea about him as her hero.First, her confirmation speech becomes the symbol of her love, then, to continue the trust-game Othello gives her a handkerchief – his ancestral property, received from his mother, who in her turn had received it from an old witch as a blessing to her marital life. The appearance of the handkerchief is believed to be a white cloth with a red strawberry imprinted on it. Symbolically it represents the bedspread of a married woman, with her virginal blood-stains on it, and also becomes the symbol of Desdemona ’s chastity, purity and her loving, civilizing sexual power.With the loss of it she loses Othello’s trust, and as Carol Neely puts it – â€Å"The handkerchief is lost literally and symbolically not because of the failure of Desdemona’s love but because of Othello’s loss of faith in that love†; love is not sustained through symbols and signs but through conviction. This brings out the frail nature of Othello’s love for Desdemona, held not by his heart but by the handkerchief. Othello’s fear of being deceived and cuckolded rises from the flaw that is inherent in him; the self that would never grow out of the uncertainties for being racially inferior looks upon Desdemona as the’ strumpet’.A chaste wife, being killed by her husband because he lacked self-identity and the power to recognize the devil inside him is universally acknowledged as the most appalling crime committed against an innocent woman. Another woman is Emilia, wife to Iago and the only companion of Desdemona in Cyprus. As the play progresses, she emerges from a common maid to a heroic individual. Dismissing Iago’s complains about Emilia’s noisiness Desdemona says: â€Å"Alas! She has no speech†. Desdemona seems right until the middle of the play. Emilia has no existence apart from her â€Å"instrumentality to the plot†.She passes the handkerchief to Iago, unaware of his plans: â€Å"what he will/ Heaven knows not I. / I nothing but to please his fantasy†. Emilia is heard speaking elaborately only in Act IV, scene iii also termed the ‘willow scene’, which stages the conversation between Desdemona and Emilia. In this scene, Emilia comes across as a realist with her ideas like: â€Å"The world’s a huge thing: it is a great price / For a small vice† and when she says that wrong and right are relative terms, and wrongs can easily be transformed into right by the power-wield ers.The most striking words are when she says that a husband is liable for his wife’s infidelity, as their neglect or envy or suspicion egg on the woman to commit treachery. According to Gayle Greene: â€Å"Emilia’s is a perspective to which we wholly ascribe, entrenched as it is in a material reality, but her vision complements Desdemona’s and represents some of the bawdy and toughness that Desdemona lacks†. He further continues saying Emilia’s clarity of ideas can be attributed to her social class: she has never been adulated, she is no one’s jewel and has remained clear-eyed and without illusions.Although she did nurture her husband’s fantasies like Desdemona. However, her previous error, unknowingly committed can be easily forgiven because of her sorority ties with Desdemona. She has not only been a friend in Desdemona’s loneliest times, but also becomes her voice in Act V, scene ii after her death: â€Å"O. the more angel she, /And you the blacker devil! † Like Desdemona, she too faces disillusionment about the man she has tied knots with on realizing Iago’s misdeeds, pronounced by her diversely inflected reiterations of â€Å"my husband†.Desdemona, even on her death-bed made her last attempt to protect Othello from his guilt by replying â€Å"Nobody, I myself† to Emilia’s â€Å"Who hath done this deed? † and spells her last words of loyalty â€Å"Commend me to my kind lord†. Emilia inverts her role as a wife and commits herself to her duties as a loyal maid to her mistress: â€Å"’Tis proper I obey him – but not now. / Perchance, Iago, I will ne’er go home†, until she is abruptly dispatched by a stab from Iago. Of the two women in the play, two are killed by their husbands after being despised as whores; the third woman, Bianca is actually a whore.She survives not through her own endeavor to appropriate herself to fit in th e men’s world, but simply because â€Å"she is not central enough to be pulled into Iago’s plot†. Women here are objects of men’s â€Å"horrible fancies’, fancies which are â€Å"projections of their own worst fears and failings†. They are either silent spectators throughout their lives, never retaliating, or else immediately silenced if they ever make an attempt to over-rule men’s scheme of things.Bibliography: 1. G.K Hunter’s ‘Murdering Wives in Othello’. 2. www.guttenberg.com/Othello 3. www.projectmuse.com/Othello and Desdemona 4. Introduction and Chosen essays from Norton edition.

Microcontroller Based Irrigation System Engineering Essay

AbstractionThe Microcontroller based irrigation system is an advanced method used to H2O the workss on a regular basis when we are out of station. The system makes usage of a microcontroller IC AT89C51, OP-AMP LM324 and associated circuitry. Microcontroller is preprogrammed and do the necessary stairss to exchange ON and OFF the motor depending upon whether the dirt is dry or non as indicated by the detectors. The OP-AMP is configured here as comparator. The Microcontroller is used to command the whole system. It monitors the detectors and when more than two detectors sense the dry status so the microcontroller will exchange on the motor and it will exchange off the motor when all the detectors are in moisture. The microcontroller does the above occupation it receives the signals from the detectors, and this signals operated under the control of package which is stored in ROM MICROCONTROLLER 89C51 SENSOR 1 SENSOR 2 SENSOR 3 SENSOR 4 Motor Relay Power SUPPLYBLOCK DIAGRAM 5V 12VBLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION( I ) POWER SUPPLYNinety-nine regulators are various and comparatively cheap and are available with characteristics such as current/voltage boosting, internal short circuit current modification, thermic closure and natation operation for high electromotive force applications. The regulated circuit is used to keep changeless end product degree. The incorporate circuit regulator, sometimes called the three terminal regulators contains the circuitry for mention beginning mistake amplitude control device and overload protection all in a individual IC bit. They are connected between end product of a filter and input to the burden. The 78xx series consist of three terminal +ve electromotive force regulators. With equal heat droping they can present end product current in surplus of 1A. For proper operation, there should be a common land between the input and end product electromotive force. As per the Indian criterions, the supply through the brinies is 230 Vs, 50 Hz Ac. For this undertaking, the power demands are +5V and +12V District of Columbia electromotive force degrees By sing the current demands of the assorted ICs and the loading effects of the different current drawing elements used in this undertaking, the entire current demand was found to be about 1 A. So we use a 12-0-12V, 1 A transformer to step down the brinies voltage to 12 V ( rms ) . The secondary of the transformer is fed to a rectifier circuit consisting of 1N4007 power rectifying tubes for change overing Ac to dc V. The pulsating end product therefore obtained has to be filtered to acquire the steady District of Columbia electromotive force. A capacitance filter of 2200 microfarads, 25V and 0.1 microfarads are used. Using regulator IC 7805 the needed electromotive force degree is obtained. Here we have used 78xx series regulator which are three terminal, positive fixed electromotive force series regulators.MICRO CONTROLLERThe microcontroller used is AT89C51. It is a low power, high-performance, CMOS 8- spot microcontroller with 4K Bytes of Flash programmable and effaceable read merely memory. Port1 of 89C51 Acts of the Apostless as an input port here.The end product of four comparators are fed to port1 ( Internet Explorer to P1.0, P1.1, P1.2, P1.3 ) . When to or more inputs are high, Internet Explorer for the spot combinations 0011,0101,0110,0111,1001,1010,1011,1100,1101, 1110,1111 the microcontroller will turn ON the motor.It will turn OFF the motor merely if all the inputs at Port1 is low Internet Explorer for the spot combination 0000.The microcontroller is pre-programmed to make this undertaking.DetectorThe detector parts are built utilizing OP-AMP IC LM324.The LM 324 series consists of four independent high addition, internally compensated operational amplifiers which are designed specifically to run from a individual power supply over a broad scope of electromotive forces. OP-AMP IC is configured here as a comparator. As shown in the circuit diagram stiff Cu wires are inserted in dirt and one terminal of each of these wires are connected to the negative terminus of the op-amp. When dirt is wet, its conduction will be high and end product of the comparators will be low. When the dirt is dry, the conduction will be low and the comparator end product will be high. The end product of these comparators are fed to the microcontroller.RelayRelaies are widely used to command devices that draw big current. A relay is a switch whose terminuss called contacts are unfastened and closed by an electromagnet. We normally use mechanical or solid province relays. The control circuitry for both of these types of relays is electrically isolated from the existent switch. When the current is passed through the twist of the electromagnet, the ensuing force actuates a metallic relay that causes one or more contacts to open and shut. The lever called armature is attached to the spring, so that when the current in the twist is removed, the spring force retraces the armature. The twists in the relay is called spiral and it is said to be energized when current flows through it. The switch contacts that are controlled by relay are called usually unfastened or usually closed harmonizing to the status when they are energized. Thus a usually unfastened contact stopping points and a usually closed contact opens when energized. The chief advantage of the relay is that the contacts can be designed to exchange a heavy current in and out of a circuit when merely a little current is supplied to or disconnected from the spiral. Here a 12V relay is used.The microcontroller bend ON and turn OFF the motor through this relay.MotorWe are utilizing a 12V, DC motor to demo the working. For pumping the H2O an AC motor may be used.This motor can be drived utilizing the relay.CIRCUIT DIAGRAMWorkingThe undertaking presented here is an automatic irrigation system.It uses microcontroller AT89C51, op-amp LM324 and associated circuitry. The power supply required for the microcontroller,5V can be either taken straight from a District of Columbia beginning and if merely Ac is available, so it can be rectified, filtered and the regulated 5V can be obtained with the assistance of power supply unit which is provided here. The op-amp LM324 is configured as a comparator.There are four built-in units in it and associated with each unit we will infix two Cu wires in the soil.One terminal of these wires are in the dirt and the other terminal of one wire is connected to the supply say 5V and the 2nd wire is connected to the comparator ‘s inverting terminal.When the dirt is wet its conduction will be high and 5V will make the inverting terminus through the wires inserted in dirt. Consequently the ouput of that peculiar comparator will be low.If the dirt is dry its conduction will be low and the comparator will give a high end product. As already mentioned there are four comparators and the end product of all these comparators are fed to Port1 ( Internet Explorer to P1.0, P1.1, P1.2, P1.3 ) of the microcontroller. Port1 of 89C51 Acts of the Apostless as an input port here.When to or more inputs are high, Internet Explorer for the spot combinations0011,0101,0110,0111,1001,1010,1011,1100,1101,1110,1111the microcontroller will turn ON the motor.It will turn OFF the motor merely if all the inputs at Port1 is low Internet Explorer for the spot combination 0000.The microcontroller is pre-programmed to make this undertaking. The microcontroller bend ON and turn OFF the motor through a 12V relay.SOFTWARE PARTFlow chart Start If power supply on Stop Read Port P1 as input port Port P1 = FFH A = P1 If A = 0000 Motor OFF If A = 0001 Motor OFF Nitrogen Yttrium If A = 0010 Motor OFF Nitrogen Yttrium Yttrium A A A Yttrium Nitrogen A Bacillus Nitrogen If A = 0100 Motor OFF Yttrium If A = 1000 Motor OFF Nitrogen Yttrium A A Nitrogen Bacillus Motor ON If A = 0000 Yttrium Nitrogen Motor OFF A PCB FABRICATION PCB DESIGN PCB design of the circuit was implemented utilizing DIP TRACE. Initially the schematic of the circuit was drawn. The necessary PCB footmarks were given, thereby stipulating the constituent size and spacing. After giving the footmarks a new list was created. Rooting process was done utilizing the DIPTRACE PCB LAYOUT package. The net list was loaded and constituents spacing done consequently. Using the Auto rooting option, rooting was done. The possible connexions were made utilizing Auto rooting and the staying connexions were done manually utilizing jumpers.PCB FABRICATIONAfter the PCB design stage, PCB fiction was done. The way was drawn on a circuit board utilizing a C paper and the mirror image obtained was painted. The board was etched by dunking it in a extremely concentrated Ferric Chloride and after etching, the staying pigment was removed. The continuity of all waies was checked and so the constituents were placed and soldered. After supplying the necessary jumpers besides the circuit was tested.BondingSoldering is the fall ining together of two metals to give physical bonding and good electrical conduction. It is used chiefly in electrical and electronic circuitry. Solder is a combination of metals, which are solid at normal ro om temperatures and go liquid at between 180 and 200A °C. Solder bonds good to assorted metals, and highly good to Cu. Soldering is a necessary accomplishment you need to larn to successfully construct electronics circuits. It is the primary manner how electronics constituents are connected to circuit boards, wires and sometimes straight to other constituents. To solder you need a bonding Fe. A modern basic electrical bonding Fe consists of a warming component, a soldering spot ( frequently called the tip ) , a grip and a power cord. The warming component can be either a opposition wire lesion around a ceramic tubing, or a thick movie opposition component printed onto a ceramic base. The component is so insulated and placed into a metal tubing for strength and protection. This is so thermally insulated from the grip. The heating component of soldering Fe normally reaches temperatures of about 370 to 400A °C ( higher than needed to run the solder ) . The soldering spot is a specially molded piece of Cu plated with Fe and so normally plated with chrome or Fe. The tip planting makes it really immune to aggressive solders and fluxes. The strength or power of a bonding Fe is normally expressed in Watts. Irons by and large used in electronics are typically in the scope 12 to 25 Watts. Higher powered Fe will non run hotter, but it will hold more power available to rapidly replace heat drained from the Fe during soldering. Most chainss are available in a assortment of electromotive forces, 12V, 24V, 115V, and 230V are the most popular. Today most research labs and fix stores use soldering chainss, which operate at 24V ( powered by isolation transformer supplied with the soldering Fe or by a separate low electromotive force mercantile establishment ) . You should ever utilize this low electromotive force where possible, as it is much safer. For advanced bonding work ( like really bantam really sensitive electronics constituents ) , you will necessitate a soldering Fe with a temperature control. In this type of soldering chainss the temperature may be normally set between 200 degC and 450 degC. Many temperature-control led soldering chainss designed for electronics have a power evaluation of around 40-50W. They will heat fast and give adequate power for operation, but are automatically little ( because the temperature accountant stops them from overheating when they are non used ) . You will on occasion see gas-powered soldering chainss which use butane instead than the brinies electrical supply to run. They have a catalytic component which, one time warmed up, continues to glow hot when gas passes over them. Gas-powered soldering chainss are designed for occasional â€Å" on the topographic point † usage for speedy fixs, instead than for mainstream building or assembly work. You need to be careful in soldering because most electronic constituents are delicate, and heat sensitive. Normally our biggest concern is heat. Low plenty soldering temperature and short plenty soldering clip keeps constituents in good form. Electronicss constituents are designed so that they can take high temperatures on their contacts/wires for some clip without harm ( to defy the bonding ) . Prolonged exposure to high temperature will heat up when interior of the constituent can do harm to it. Presently, the best normally available, feasible, and safe solder metal is 63/37. That is, 63 % lead, 37 % Sn. It is besides known as eutectic solder. Its most desirable feature is that its solids ( â€Å" pasty † ) province, and its liquid province occur at the same temperature — 361 grades F. The combination of 63 % lead and 37 % Sn thaws at the lowest possible temperature. Nowadays there is inclination to travel to utilize lead free solders, but it will takes old ages until they will catch on normal soldering work. Lead free solders are nowadays available, but they are by and large more expensive and/or harder to work on than traditional solders that have lead in so, The metals involved are non the lone things to see in a solder. Flux is critical to a good solder articulation. Flux is an aggressive chemical that removes oxides and drosss from the parts to be soldered. The chemical reactions at the point ( s ) of connexion must take topographic point for the metals to blend. RMA-type flux ( Rosin Mildly Active ) is the least corrosive of the readily available stuffs, and provides an equal oxide remotion. In electronics a 60/40 fluxed nucleus solder is used. This consists of 60 % Lead and 40 % Tin, with flux nucleuss added through the length of the solder. There are certain safety steps which you should maintain in head when soldering. The Sn stuff used in soldering contains unsafe substances like lead ( 40-60 % of typical bonding Sns are lead and lead is toxicant ) . Besides the assorted from the soldering flux can be unsafe. While it is true that lead does non zap at the temperatures at which soldering is typically done, particulate affair is merely every bit unsafe as exhausts would be in footings of toxic condition and there is particulate lead nowadays to some extent in the exhausts from your flux. When soldering maintain the room good ventilated and utilize a little fan or fume trap. A proper smoke trap or a fan will maintain the most pollution off from your face. Professional electronics workshops use expensive fume extraction systems to protect their workers ( needed for working safety grounds ) . Those fume extraction devices have a particular filter, which filters out the unsafe exhausts. If you can link a canal to the end product from the trap to the exterior, that would be great. Always wash custodies prior to smoke, feeding, imbibing or traveling to the bathroom. When you handle soldering Sn, your custodies will pick up lead, which needs to be washed out from it before it gets to your organic structure. Do non eat, imbibe or smoke whilst working with soldering Fe. Do non put cups, spectacless or a home base of nutrient near your working country. Wash besides the tabular array sometimes. As you solder, at times there will be a spot of ptyalizing and sputtering. If you look you ‘ll see bantam balls of solder that shoot out and can be found on your soldering tabular array. The bonding Fe will last longer with proper attention. Before and during usage wipe the spot on a moist sponge. Most bench bases incorporate a sponge for this intent. When utilizing a new spot, use solder to it as it heats up. Always maintain a hot Fe in a bench base, or suspended by the hook, when non in usage. Bend of the Fe when you do non utilize it. Sporadically take the spot and clear off any oxide build up. Regularly check the brinies lead for Burnss or other harm ( alteration mains lead if necessary ) .PCB LAYOUTCost Appraisal SL NO. Components Specification Rate Measure Cost 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Resistors Diodes Capacitors Crystal Op-amp Microcontroller IC Base Transistor Transformer Relay DC Motor Regulator IC PCB fiction & A ; Soldering LED Casing 10 K 100 K 220 I © 2.2k 1N4007 2200 A µF 0.1A µF 47A µF 10A µF 8 MHz LM 324 AT89C51 14 pin 40 pin BC 107 12-0-12 12 V 12V motor Intelligence community 7805 10 PS 10 PS 10 PS 10 PS 20 PS 50 PS 50 PS 50 PS 50 PS Rs 5.00 Rs 18.00 Rs 58.00 Rs.2.00 Rs.10.00 Rs 1.00 Rs.70.00 Rs.8.00 Rs.70.00 Rs.5.00 Rs.250.00 Re.1.00 Rs.20.00 9 4 5 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 90ps 40ps 50ps 40ps 60ps 50ps 50ps 50ps 50ps Rs 5.00 Rs.18.00 Rs.58.00 Rs.2.00 Rs.10.00 Rs.1.00 Rs.70.00 Rs.8.00 Rs.70.00 Rs.5.00 Rs.250.00 Rs.4.00 Rs.20.00TOTAL = Rs..526.00Decision Here we introduce a simple and cheap irrigation system. The hardware subdivision consists of an op A and a microcontroller circuitry. The unit can be easy implemented in our houses for little graduated table every bit good as in farms for big scale irrigation.BibliographyMentionsThe 8051 Microcontroller and embedded systems – Muhammad Ali Mazidi Op As and Linear Integrated circuits – Ramakand GaykwadWeb siteswww.atmel.com www.8051projects.info/proj.asp? ID=40Plan# INCLUDE & lt ; SFR55A.INC & gt ; MOTOR BIT P2_0 MOTOR_LED BIT P2_1 DRY BIT P2_2 WET BIT P2_3 CSEG AT 0 ORG 00H Start: MOV P1, # FFH MOV A, P1 CJNE A, # 00H, NEXT_VALUE ACALL MOTOR_OFF NEXT_VALUE: CJNE A, # 01H, NEXT_VALUE1 ACALL MOTOR_OFF NEXT_VALUE 1: CJNE A, # 02H, NEXT_VALUE2 ACALL MOTOR_OFF NEXT_VALUE 2: CJNE A, # 03H, NEXT_VALUE3 ACALL MOTOR_ON NEXT_VALUE 3: CJNE A, # 04H, NEXT_VALUE4 ACALL MOTOR_OFF NEXT_VALUE 4: CJNE A, # 05H, NEXT_VALUE5 ACALL MOTOR_ON NEXT_VALUE 5: CJNE A, # 06H, NEXT_VALUE6 ACALL MOTOR_ON NEXT_VALUE 6: CJNE A, # 07H, NEXT_VALUE7 ACALL MOTOR_ON NEXT_VALUE 7: CJNE A, # 08H, NEXT_VALUE8 ACALL MOTOR_OFF NEXT_VALUE 8: CJNE A, # 09H, NEXT_VALUE9 ACALL MOTOR_ON NEXT_VALUE 9: CJNE A, # 0BH, NEXT_VALUE11 ACALL MOTOR_ON NEXT_VALUE 11: CJNE A, # 0CH, NEXT_VALUE12 ACALL MOTOR_ON NEXT_VALUE 12: CJNE A, # 0DH, NEXT_VALUE13 ACALL MOTOR_ON NEXT_VALUE 13: CJNE A, # 0EH, NEXT_VALUE14 ACALL MOTOR_ON NEXT_VALUE 14: CJNE A, # 0FH, NEXT_VALUE10 ACALL MOTOR_ON NEXT_VALUE 15: AJUMP START MOTOR_ON: SETB MOTOR SETB WET CLR MOTOR_LED CLR DRY RET MOTOR_OFF: CLR MOTOR SETB DRY CLR WET SETB MOTOR _LED End

Abuse of Legal and Illegal Drugs

Substance abuse is the use of substances with a maladaptive pattern that causes clinically significant damage or distress (American Psychiatric Association, 2000, p. 114-115). The difference in the use of drugs and drugs of abuse depends on three factors: drug use, drug usage, and drug influence on humans. Drug abuse usually involves drugs that use drugs in excess regardless of whether they are legal or illegal. For example, marijuana is illegal in some states, but illegal in other states. In this article I will explain issues of legal substance abuse and illegal substance abuse. I will explain the four medicines in each category. Among legally abused drugs, alcohol, nicotine, caffeine and herbs will be discussed. Illegal drugs that are often exploited in this article are drugs that are the most commonly used or abused drugs in the world for cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens and heroin. Among these drugs, the risk of the drug itself is discussed and several types of treatments that at tempt to interrupt the use of drugs will be discussed. Drug abuse occurs when people voluntarily consume illegal substances or legal prescribing medications to change their mood or to become high. Regular drug use can lead to drug addiction or other physical harm. Drug abuse usually involves the sale, purchase or abuse of these substances, which can lead to arrests, criminal charges and imprisonment. The term substance abuse is often associated with illegal drugs such as cocaine, heroin, marijuana. Recently, dangerous design medicines such as bath salt and club medicine such as ecstasy are becoming increasingly popular. Legitimate substances such as tobacco and alcohol are also associated with dangerous abuse. Drug abuse includes both legal and illegal drugs. Defining a drug as a legitimate or an illegal substance does not determine whether the substance is responsible for dependence or abuse. Substances include alcohol, nicotine, marijuana, amphetamine, cocaine, inhalants, opioids, sleeping pills, and the like. Most people can safely use various substances as social conditioners (eg beer or other drinking alcohol or social alcohol). Heroin and cocaine can be used to treat pain under medical supervision, but it is well known that it is an addictive substance. The prevention and treatment of damage is often related to the problem of drug abuse. The use or abuse of legitimate or illegal drugs or illegal drugs or crimes before a crime may be a relevant factor for the victim and some victims may be injured after a crime as a means to alleviate pain or trauma Use and abuse. Studies have shown that victims of drug and alcohol abuse may be at risk of further damage and lead to a series of repetitive violent acts that gradually become destructive without intervention (Substance Abuse Treatment Center, 1997).

Principles of Financial Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Principles of Financial Management - Assignment Example Funds for business operations can be obtained from two sources, these include: internal as well as external sources. Internal sources of finance refer to funds raised from competencies and resources within the organization, for example: sale of fixed assets and money saved from the total earnings. External sources of finances refer to those sources that are located out of the business vicinity, in the environment in which the business is operating (Bendrey, 2001, p.16). For example: sale of shares to other investors, bank loans, overdraft and investments from the investment world. Several benefits are associated with both kinds of financing methods. External financing sources such as sale of shares is one of the most fastest method for raising capital and gaining huge amount of money in a very short period of time. Money raised through sale of shares does not need to be returned and no interest needs to be paid. On the other hand, funds raised through internal sources allow the organization to continue controlling the organization and is not associated with payment of interest. If loan is obtained from banks, organizations can gain access to heavy amount of funds which can be repaid over a long period of time and company does not losses its say on the operations. These sources of finance have disadvantages associated with them, in case of sale of shares, owners of the company loose control and shareholders even participate in decision making process (Cottrell, 1980, p.248). If an organization borrows loan from a bank, it has a duty to not only repay the loan amount, it even has to pay the interest levied on the loan amount which might become difficult to repay if the organization fails to generate revenue. The money raised through internal sources are quite limited are required for day to day financing purposes. If money raised through internal sources is used up, the company might suffer from

The British Thought about Colonialism Literature review

The British Thought about Colonialism - Literature review Example In the colored community, very less skill level people are there and job opportunities are more in the manufacturing sector, women and racial or ethnic minorities are less to possess the human capital and its characteristics are associated in its job opportunities. To get a job one has to be skilled in a particular area. Every company looks for an ideal candidate who should be an asset to the company and should not become a liability. Colored groups (immigrants from Asia and Africa) earn less compared to whites. So which is different wages for each category or group? In cultural context colored women are not allowed to grow in their career life or in personal life, they prefer not to work outside the home. Compared to colored the Whites are more liberal and enjoy gender equality provided by the European countries constitutional laws. Whatever the reasons there still exists inequality among these groups. The Morant Bay issue shows how the English tend to show their prevalent masculinity and representations in the ascension to power of the middle class whose concept of gentility was based on religion and dignity. In this case, Thomas Carlyle and John Stuart Mill stood up to for those who are oppressed under the whites.

Prescriptive & Emergent Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Prescriptive & Emergent Strategies - Essay Example Companies in the current corporate world need to develop strategies which comprise series of decisions and plans developed focusing on achieving the company goals and objectives. All forms of organizations require strategic plan to ensure that they achieve the set objectives whether they are small or large. Strategic management is a core aspect of an organization and comprises of various approaches adopted in various companies. Therefore to evaluate a strategic plan of a given company, it is important to acknowledge and explore other available alternatives. It is notable that prescriptive and emergent strategic planning strategies are popular and mostly used in various companies. These two strategies go head to head in much argument and it is important for companies to evaluate their relevance and effectiveness given economic climate that the specific company is operating (Analoui 2003). In the context of the current economic climate the one that will ensure that the organization attain its long-term and short-term objectives shall emerge to being on top. The current economic climate It is notable that the current economic climate in most countries in the world is very much turbulent. This has become a key determinant in regard to strategic planning of most organizations and companies. According to Charles Hill (2009) he asserts that in UK and USA and many other countries it is notable that they are out of economic crisis and recession, there is much fear that the economic situation may return to recession (Hill 2009). The most affected companies are the retail companies which have opened stores in many countries.

Hard factors of TQM implementation in the Project division at GASCO Essay

Hard factors of TQM implementation in the Project division at GASCO - Essay Example Proper implementation of the procedure IP-PR-021 would offer solutions to this problem. The CTN format does not have provisions for the history of the CTN. As a result, the CTN goes through the approval process of the GASCO shareholders without their knowledge of the history of the CTN in the firm. They need adequate knowledge on the importance of CTN, in order to determine whether it is worth the budgetary allocations. Modifying the formats of the CTN to would include its history would provide adequate knowledge. Since there is no analysis of the main cause of CTN, there is a wrong evaluation of the KPI. The main factor put into consideration when evaluating KPI is CTN. Therefore, understanding the causes of CTN in the organization would help in preventing their occurrence in future. This is however possible if there was a proper procedure of solving the CTN put in place. GASCO, while calculating the average KPI does so division wise. This omits the evaluation of the actual performa nce in each department. There is however a high likelihood of some of the departments doing very well, while others have poor performances. There is however no reflection of this in the KPI. Applying KPI at the department level would solve this problem. Finally, there is poor and low communication of the KPI to the engineer’s level. This makes information flow in this level inadequate. As a solution, proper communication of the KPI to all parties would solve all communication problems available. Research questions With reference to the hard factors of TQM, this research will try to establish how effectively GASCO utilizes these factors to achieve organizational performance. How efficiently does GASCO use TQM in achieving its organizational goals? To what extent does GASCO staff exhibit high quality standards in serving their customers? How effectively does GASCO as an organization use TQM in managing its projects? What is the overall impact of TQM in satisfactorily serving cu stomers at GASCO? To what extent does GASCO use TQM in its Business Support Activities? Objectives of the report TQM, being an important element in achieving organizational performance, contributes to the achievement of organizational goals and objectives (Salaheldin 2009, p. 216). The main objective of this report is establishing the extent to which TQM contributes to organizational performance, with reference to GASCO. Further, since there are two types of TQM, the soft factors and the hard factors, this report hopes to establish the impact of proper use and application of the hard factors in an organizational setting. Finally, it will establish whether there is any relationship between proper maintenance of QMS, relative to GASCO QMS. Aims of the report The main aim of this report is to establish whether GASCO has QMS and the impact that hard TQM factors have on the overall performance of the organization. Data analysis The time taken by employees in assessing resources significa ntly determines their output (Grover, et al. 2006, p. 450-458). Subsequently, this determines the overall organizational performance. The longer an employee takes while assessing resources; the lower is their level of productivity. According to data obtained, 11 respondents agreed that the period it takes for an employee to access resources was good. This positively contributes to overall organizat

The Creation of White Supremacy in the Nineteenth-Century United Essay - 1

The Creation of White Supremacy in the Nineteenth-Century United States - Essay Example ’ and to maintain this status they needed to place their allegiances with those in power that had the resources who could divvy up the benefits† (McVey 18). Basically speaking, an emphasis on racial rather than class unity has traditionally been an emphasis in America. This essay explains the reasons the United States had become a supremacist nation by mid-1800s. This essay argues that white supremacy emerged in the United States during the 19th century because of economic exploitation (e.g. slavery) and racial myths (e.g. Manifest Destiny). The creation of white supremacy was a critical occurrence in the emergence of American capitalism. The concept of white supremacy emerged in the United States due to several major developments: the legacy of British exploitation of the Irish; the opposition to slavery, which concluded in the subjugation of the Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia in the latter part of the 17th century; the self-recognition of emancipated laborers as members of the White population in the antebellum North; and the creation of the White nation in the latter part of the 19th century. The United States could not have emerged as a White supremacist nation in the absence of slavery. It was enslaved Africans who facilitated the economic development of the United States. This economic progress climaxed from the early to mid-1800s, the era referred to as the Market Revolution. The major driving force for the emergence of the Market Revolution was the cotton trade, and this was facilitated by indentured servi tude (Roediger 32). Another thrust to the emergence of the United States as a white supremacist nation was the occupation of a large portion of Mexico. This gave the United States the opportunity to successfully gain Pacific expansion, and hence embark on a massively profitable trade with Asian markets. It also gave the United States the opportunity to tap the immense supply of agricultural resources in California and mineral resources in

Analyze iPhone in the context of broader Corporate Design concept Essay - 1

Analyze iPhone in the context of broader Corporate Design concept - Essay Example The principle aim of Augustine was to develop an archbishop in the area of London but this couldn’t happen because at that time London was following paganism. Due to this they choose the capital of the kingdom of Kent to seat the archbishop. The church of the Romans as well as the Celtic had differences in opinion and were quite different, the organization of the Celtic Church was poorly organized and on the other hand the Celtic Church was quite discipline and organized. These two churches even did not agree on the day on which they used to celebrate Easter, thus they used to celebrate the event separately on separate days. Later during the era of 664 both held meetings together at Synod to settle their differences and in this meeting the Roman Church stood victorious (Bracher 107). The church played a major role in the Anglo-Saxon society and was the only not that keep different kingdoms of the Anglo Saxons tied to each other. The monasteries created in the early period became the only available learning areas but later they were terrorized by the Vikings during the period of the 9th Century. The most renowned scholar of the period the Anglo-Saxons was monk Bede who spent his major portion of life at a monastery located in Northumbria (Foot 23). Another famous piece of art and religion of that era was the bible which was illustrated at the monastery of Lindisfarne. During that era, the only type of education available to the common man came from the church. During this period several works written in Latin language were translated into English and schools were being created within churches. A major role was played by those who held highest positions in the church; they took participation in politics and used to manage the church and the property of the church, and even provided advice to kings on various subjects. Monasteries played the part of spreading Christianity and the word of gospel on their

Coal Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Coal Energy - Essay Example Millions of people depend on it for their living. (Bisk). But because of the strong protests from environmentalists, it was difficult to process these coal energies for the energy requirements of United States. This article argues that the cavalier attitude of ivory tower environmentalists towards the millions of working and middle class people who make their livings (directly and indirectly) from coal creates enemies of the environmental movement amongst the very people who should be the most avid allies of environmentalism (Bisk). It suggests some ways of preventing the environment problems caused by the processing or extraction of coal energy through coal liquification. It focuses its attention on the link between the worlds large coal reserves and the green energy movement. Energy crisis is one of the severe problems faced by many countries irrespective developed or developing. The huge population growth and the heavy industrialization processes made energy an inevitable entity for the modern life. It is unimaginable to think about a world without electricity or vehicles. At the same time most of the conventional energy sources like coal and petroleum are non-renewable energies and also the processing of these energy sources is creating lot of problems to the environment. Environmentalists have raised a huge protest against the injudicious processing of coal like energy sources. The article suggests that by using coal liquification process US can produce a barrel of oil for about $30. Even though this process may release more CO2 than the extraction and refinement of liquid fuel from petroleum the author suggests some ways to counter such problems. In his opinion; the environmentalist’s protests can be reduced if the coal liquification process would liberate only half a ton of CO2 for every ton of greenhouse

Investigating the resistance of a wire Essay Example for Free

Investigating the resistance of a wire Essay The experiment is safe because the voltage from the multimeter will do no harm to you and you should not use it near water. Method I am investigating the resistance of a wire and testing what happens to the current if I use different lengths of wires. First I will use 10cm of wire and connect the multimeter up properly like the picture below also I would measure the wire exactly then I would place the crocodile clips on the ends of the wire and do that for every 10cms up to 200cms and record the resistance. I would use all of the same equipment again and do the experiment another 2 times to workout the average. Diagram I will make the experiment accurate by doing all of the below and do the same test three times to work out an average   1. Using the same equipment   2. Measure the wire.   3. Connecting everything together properly 4. Once set up do not disturb the experiment   5. Make sure the multimeter is set to Ohms   6. Using the setting on the multimeter. If I wanted to get very precise results I could do the experiment another few times This is how I kept it a fair test:   If you change the length you must keep.   The wire the same width.   The same material. The same temperature. Prediction I predict the longer the wire the more power will be resisted. That is because in a longer piece of wire the electrons collide with the atoms. Obtaining Results Table Observations Analysing Graphs Evaluation Errors Possible Improvements.

The Crucible by Arthur Miller Essay Example for Free

The Crucible by Arthur Miller Essay he Crucible emerged from a true story which makes the play more convincing. It was based on the Salem, Massachusetts Witch Trial in 1629. At the time people were extremely religious and believed in witchcraft and devilry. It was strictly forbidden for people to dance, sing, and laugh and if they were discovered doing these activities, they were accused of witchcraft and many were to die of this. Miller decided to write a play which would heighten Americas awareness of the impending of the communist in the 1950s. It is important for the audience to understand the historical background, and understand what living in Salem, Massachusetts was like in the 17th Century. The people of Salem were Puritans- descendents of the Pilgrim Father, who arrived in America from England in 1960 because they wanted a stricter way of life with regard to their religion. Their lives consisted of working, eating, sleeping and praying. Any kind of enjoyment was prohibited. This meant that singing and dancing was forbidden and seen as an interaction with the devil. People of Salem believed in witchcraft, and in 1692, many people were accused and hanged because of this. People incriminated each other, both neighbours and friends. This shows that although on the surface, society appears united, cracks were beginning to emerge. In the 1950s there was a modern day witch hunt in America. Instead of hunting witches Free thinkers, That is people who had individual thoughts were accused of disloyalty and communist sympathies, which often resulted in loss of their jobs. In order to protect themselves, just as in The Crucible, they blamed others. The Crucible was inspired by Millers experiences of the 1950s. It was Senator Joseph McCarthy who created the hunt for communists. The similarities between the Crucible and McCarthys accusations of the 1950s were denounced. Without proof or evidence the inciting of fear and suspicion would lead in the 1950s to the eventual break up of families and friendship as people accused each other of disloyal acts against America. This was to lead to America becoming permeated by paranoia and scepticism. Before the audience even meets Abigail, they find out that she is a trouble maker with an endless capacity for dissembling. In the opening act between Parris and Abigail, tension rises as Parris persistently questions her about the night they were dancing in the woods, what did you do with her in the forest? But Abigail denies any accusations and always defends herself, But we never conjured spirits. However Parris does not stop questioning her and feelings begin to heighten when he mentions witchcraft, trafficked with spirits in the forest. Abigail vehemently assents herself by saying, we never conjured spirits. At this stage she is trying to defuse the situation but the audience are already experiencing a steady rise in tension.

Small Scale GTL (STG Plus) Plant

Small Scale GTL (STG Plus) Plant Course: Natural Gas Processing Technology (ENCH 609, Winter 2017) PROJECT TITLE GTL: Syngas to Gasoline (STG Plus) Professor: Dr. Nashaat Nassar List of figures and tables: Fig 1. Schematic sketch of the STG+ system (from Primus Green Energy TM) .. (6) Fig 2. Sensitivity Analysis for case 62.5 MMSCFD (14) Table 1. Economic Indicators for project evaluation (Detail calculation in Appendix).. (15) Appendix: Fig 1. Operating GTL plants on the world map [The Oil Gas Year, 2015] . (21) Fig 2. Simulation flow chart developed for the project (from Aspen plus V 7.2 Microsoft Visio 2010) (22) Table 1: Used compounds and Values of yields for reactor 4 in the model . (19-20) Table 2: Economic Evaluation for case 1: 10 MMSCFD ..(23) Table 3: Economic Evaluation for Case 2: 62.45 MMSCFD (24) Table 4: Mass balance of streams 1-22 for Case 1: 10 MMSCFD .(25-26) Table 5: Mass balance of streams 1-22 for Case 2: 62.45 MMSCFD .. (27-28) Abstract: The worlds energy demand is growing exponentially and to meet this demand, bringing new supply sources to the market is extremely critical. Natural gas resources are plentiful, geographically diverse and currently also the cleanest burning fossil fuel. Gas to Liquids (GTL) is a chemical process that transforms natural gas or other gaseous hydrocarbons into high quality liquid products that would otherwise be produced from crude oil [Shell Global]. GTL creates an additional opportunity to monetize a countrys resource of natural gas by turning them into high quality liquid fuels. GTL products are colorless and odorless hydrocarbons with very low level of impurities. The purpose of this project is to simulate a small scale GTL (STG Plus) plant that converts 10 MMSCFD of rich-methane natural gas into 672 BBL/day of gasoline. The first step of the STG Plus process is called steam reforming and it consists of the reaction between the methane in the natural gas with abundant water. The second step of the process is the reaction between the hydrogen, and the carbon monoxide producing methanol. The methanol thus formed will be converted to dimethyl ether (DME) and finally, the DME will be dehydrated, producing gasoline. The project will also highlight the difference between two major GTL technologies: Fischer Tropsch and STG Plus. An economic evaluation was conducted to check the viability of this process and at 10 MMSCFD conversion of methane; the project proves to be economically profitable, with an NPV value of $14.66M at 10% discount rate. It was also determined that if the production of gasoline increases to over 4,100BBL/day, the profitability of this project will increase significantly. 1.0. Introduction 1.1. GTL Technology and the World Gasoline to Liquid (GTL) is a technology that converts natural gas or other gaseous hydrocarbons into high quality liquid products like gasoline or diesel fuel, otherwise produced from crude oil []. GTL products are colorless and odorless hydrocarbons with very low level of impurities. Refineries can also use GTL to convert some of their gaseous hydrocarbon waste products into valuable fuel oil which can be used to generate income. The worlds first commercial GTL plant was opened by Shell in Bintulu, Malaysia in 1993. In 2011, the largest GTL plant, Pearl GTL was opened in Qatar [Shell Global]. Figure 1 in the Appendix shows all operating GTL plants and their corresponding locations on the world map. 1.2. GTL Origin In 1920s, when Germany found itself short of petroleum but with ample reserves of coal, GTL and Coal-to-Liquids (CTL) technologies were pioneered using a process known as Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) synthesis (Heng et al. 2004). Methanol-to-gasoline (MTG), Mobils synthetic gasoline process, based on the transformation of methanol to hydrocarbons using zeolite catalysts, was the first major synfuel process development in half a century since the development of the Fischer-Tropsch process (Frerich J. Keil, 1998). 1.3. Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) technology Gas to Liquids (GTL) is a refinery process that converts gas or other gaseous hydrocarbons into products with longer carbon chains. Gasoline and diesel fuel are classic examples. Gases with a high concentration of methane are transformed into liquid synthetic fuels following two methods: direct transformation using processes without the presence of catalysts that convert methane to methanol or by using syngas as a midway product, such as in the Fischer Tropsch, Syngas to Gasoline Plus and Mobil processes. This project will focus on designing a small scale Syngas to Gasoline (STG) plus plant that uses methane rich natural gas as feed and converts it to high quality gasoline and other products. 2.0. Syngas-to-Gasoline plus (STG+) process STG+ process was derived from the MTG (Methanol-to-Gasoline) process, which was developed by Mobil in the 1970s. This technology directly converts natural gas-derived syngas into drop-in gasoline and jet fuel through a catalytic thermo-chemical single-loop process that minimizes complexity, improves product quality and yield. The plus in STG+ stands for the alternate end products yielded by the process. The STG+ technology is currently operating by Primus Green Energy company in Hillsborough, New Jersey at pre-commercial scale with a production of 100,000 gallons (approximately) of distinct quality gasoline per year from natural gas with surpassed performance of the STG+ system and catalyst and 720 hours of continuous operation. The STG+ process consists of the following operating steps in one continuous process loop. It comprises of Syngas generation by steam reforming method, four fixed bed reactors in series and a two phase separator. Figure 1: Schematic sketch of the STG+ system (from Primus Green Energy TM) 2.1. Syngas Generation by Steam reforming method The first step in the STG+ process is to convert the natural gas feed into syngas or synthesis gas which is an intermediate gas feed for many different petrochemical processes. This processing basically removes contaminants, such as mercaptans, sulfides, mercury and any others that can compromise the various catalysts performance that are used in the STG+ reactors before it is fed to the syngas generation unit. Either partial oxidation or steam reforming processes are used for syngas production. Steam reforming process is widely used to generate syngas for feedstock in different petrochemical processes. A mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and unconverted methane and steam are formed when methane reacts with steam in the presence of a catalyst such as Nickel or Rhodium at high temperature (800-1000 C), high pressure (20-40 bars) and steam-to-carbon ratio varying between 1.8 and 4 in the steam reforming process which is highly endothermic in nature (Mbodji et al., 2012). The possible reactions are: The steam methane reforming reaction (SMR) CH4 + H2O à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ CO + 3H2 [ΆH = +206 kJ mol-1] (strongly endothermic).. (1) The water-gas shift (WGS) CO + H2O à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ CO2 + H2 [ΆH = -41 kJ mol-1] (moderately exothermic) . (2) The product from the reformer depends on the operating pressure temperature, composition of the feed gas, and the proportion of steam fed to the reactor. The thermodynamics and kinetics of the reaction within the reformer decides the amount of carbon monoxide in the final product from the steam reformer (Larminie Dicks, 2000). 2.2. Reactor 1 (Methanol Synthesis) Centrifugal compressors are used to compress the syngas from reforming unit which enters the reactor 1 containing copper zinc as catalyst and the following reaction occurs. 2H2 + CO à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ CH3OH [ΆH = -92 kJ mol-1] .. (3) Due to the exothermic nature of the reactions, low temperatures favor conversion to methanol and pre-heating of the reactant gas and heating of the boiler feed water are done by this excess heat. The position of the equilibrium depends on the pressure and temperature. The methanol formation is favored by increase in pressure. 2.3. Reactor 2 (Dimethyl Ether (DME) Synthesis) After the crude methanol from reactor 1 is preheated, vaporized and then superheated between 300-320oC in a series of heat exchangers, it is then sent to the dimethyl ether (DME) reactor containing a dehydration catalyst (alumina) where methanol is partially dehydrated to an equilibrium mixture of DME, water and methanol which is a reversible and exothermic reaction. 2CH3OH à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ CH3OCH3 + H2O . (4) 2.4. Reactor 3 (Gasoline Synthesis) In reactor 3, in presence of catalyst the product gas from reactor 2 converts to hydrocarbons including paraffins (alkanes), aromatics, naphthene (cycloalkanes) and olefins (alkenes), mostly from C6 to C10. 2.5. Reactor 4 (Gasoline Treatment)    To have high octane number for synthetic gasoline and desirable volumetric properties, the product from reactor 3 is treated in reactor 4 to reduce the durene (tetra methylbenzene), Iso durene and tri methylbenzene components which have high freezing points. 2.6. Separator Finally, in the reactor 4 two or three phase separation is done to obtain synthetic gasoline comprised of paraffins, aromatics and naphthene, non-condensed gas and water. The non-condensed gas is recycled back to the feed stream for reactor 1 and water is recycled back to the Steam Reformer (Syngas Generation Unit). 3.0. Why STG+? The previous group responsible for GTL used the conventional GTL technology called Fisher Tropsh (FT) in their simulation process. Fischer-Tropsch (FT), which is a technology developed in early 1920s, converts gas into liquid hydrocarbons mainly diesel through a very complex process. While there have been significant improvements on the efficiency and technology of the Fisher-Tropsch process, the industry is in an urgent need of new technologies capable of converting as much gas as possible into liquid fuels in a cheaper and more efficiently manner. As consequence, we decided to apply for our project the novel process called STG+ developed by Primus Energy. The main product of STG+ is gasoline as opposed to diesel. Since the most demanded liquid fuel in Canada, especially in Alberta, is gas, we decided not use FT or any new technology producing diesel. STG+ has numerous advantages over the conventional GTL techniques such as: lower operating and capital costs, higher production, bett er product quality and faster delivery times. The rival technology of STG+ is ExxonMobils MTG process. However, ExxonMobils MTG process has a greater environmental impact and it is not very cost-effective. STG+ process was designed to correct some inefficiencies in the ExxonMobil process . The main correction is the integration of the reactors in a single-loop that increases the production and yields a higher quality of the gasoline with a less environmental impact A key example is integration of the reactors in the STG+ process. 4.0. Project Design/Simulation 4.1. Flowchart Description The lists of components that are considered in the simulation for the STG+ process and the yields in mass base for the fourth reactor (Keil, 2012) are shown in the Appendix (Table 1). The flowchart developed for the STG+ process is shown in the fig. 2 of Appendix. A brief explanation of the flowchart will be done now. First, our feedstock is basically the natural gas. For simplification purposes, our feed of natural gas is basically methane. Another feedstock that this process will have is fresh water. The water will be heated in a heat exchanger (HE-01) and will be mixed with the methane to enter the first reactor (R-01). In this reactor, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen will be produced, as explained above. The fractional conversion in the first reaction is 83.4% of the methane, the limiting reactant. The conversion in the second reaction is 6% of the carbon monoxide (Choudhary et al, 1992). The exit stream of the reactor R-01 is cooled in a heat exchanger (HE-02), enters a compressor (CP-01) to increase the pressure for the second reaction process and, finally, enters another heat exchanger (HE-03) to adjust the temperature for the ideal temperature in reactor R-02. The operating conditions of this reactor are 69 bar and 380ƚ °C (Wood et al, 2012). In it, basically, the syngas will be consumed to form methanol. The fractional conversion of this reaction is 63.7% of carbon monoxide (Lebarbier et al, 2012). The exit stream of reactor R-02 will pass through a heat exchanger (HE-04) to adjust the temperature of the mixture to enter reactor R-03. The methanol will form dimethyl ether (DME) and water. The operating conditions of this reactor are 12 bar and 325 °C (Wood et al, 2012). The fractional conversion of the methanol for this process is 76% (Kasaie et al, 2010). The stream that comes out of reactor R-03 passes through a heat exchanger (HE-05) to reduce its temperature and then enters a liquid-vapor flash vessel (FV-01). The dimethyl ether along with the non-polar components will come out in the gas stream, while the water will come out in the bottom or liquid stream, which can be sent to the effluent treatment plant. The gas stream will pass through a compressor (CP-02) and then through a heat exchanger (HE-06) to adjust the temperature and pressure for the fourth reaction process in reactor R-04. Basically, in this reactor, the dimethyl ether will be dehydrated in order to break down its molecule into -C2H4- radicals, which will be combined to form bigger molecules, as explained above. Since the reaction process is complex and the number of reactions is big, the stoichiometry of the process will be very complicated. Therefore, this paper only shows the yield in mass basis of each component formed in reactor R-04 (yield per unit mass of tota l feed of components that are not listed as inerts) (Aspentech Support Technology, 2001). Since only the dimethyl ether (DME) is a reactant in reactor R-04, all of the other compounds that enter reactor R-04 are considered inerts. The exit stream of reactor R-04 will pass through a compressor (CP-03) and through a heat exchanger (HE-07) to adjust the pressure and temperature for the last flash vessel (FV-02). This flash vessel is a liquid-liquid-vapor separator that will separate on the top the gas and lightest products. The middle liquid stream will be the gasoline formed (main stream) and the bottom liquid stream will be the water that was formed in the reactor R-04 and must be removed. The gas stream can be sold to an industry that processes gas phase hydrocarbons, while the water removed can be sent to the effluent treatment plant. 4.2. Thermodynamic Model and Simulation Considerations The simulation of the STG+ process was developed in the software Aspen Plus ® version 7.2. In our simulation, we chose the GRAYSON model, because it was developed for systems consisting of hydrocarbons, such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. This method should return good results for temperatures in the range of 60 °F to 800 °F and pressures up to 3000 psia (Aspentech Support Technology, 2001). Since our process contains hydrogen and all the temperatures of the streams are within this temperature range, we can use the GRAYSON model (Aspentech Support Technology, 2001). The first three reactors (R-01, R-02 and R-03) were modeled in Aspen Plus as RSTOIC reactors since only fractional conversions and stoichiometry were considered for them. The last reactor (R-04) was modeled as an RYIELD reactor. In this model, the input data that is required consists of the outlet temperature and pressure of the reactor, as well as the yield values for the components that are products of the reaction process. 4.3. Assumptions adopted in the simulation Natural gas feed consists only of methane; We used only flash drums to perform the separation of the components after the reactions. The gasoline yields only consist of paraffins, olefins, aromatics and cyclic hydrocarbons from C2 to C11. Fractional conversions and stoichiometry are only considered for the first three reactors and no kinetic parameters for the reaction processes and catalyst deactivation are considered due to lack of data. Even though the STG+ process is well known for the loop which defines the efficiency of the process, due to lack of data on fractional conversions for C2-C11 compounds, we restricted our simulation till gasoline production and planned to sell our product (Gasoline and Natural Gas) to the other parties who are in charge of any post treatment required. Since we are not including the durene/Isodurene in our output, the Gasoline treatment reactor is not considered. 5.0. Economic Evaluation In order to evaluate the economics of the project, a cash flow analysis is made based on the following considerations: Our business model consider buying treated natural gas to be used as both feedstock and fuel gas (we dont pay royalties because we are not producing it), paying for electricity consumption; and revenues come from gasoline and natural gas sales. Two years for construction and 20 years of operations. 340 days of production per year. Analysis in constant American dollars of January 2017, exchange rate of 1.30 CAD to USD. Annual non-fuel operating and maintenance cost equal to 3.6% (Haro P. et al ,2013) of total capital expenditures. Corporate income tax rate equal to 28%. Electricity consumption, fuel gas required, flow rates (feed and products) from the simulation model. Current prices for gasoline, natural gas and electricity in Alberta, taken from Alberta Energy websites. Capital Cost Allowance (CCA) with a half year rule is considered for tax calculation purpose according to Alberta legislation. Discount rate 10%. Capital expenditure (CAPEX) for syngas generation is estimated using figures for a known plant (Yang Ogden, 2005) and the following equation to take into account the different capacities. . (5) Where, Cx = capital cost for a plant of size x (Sx), Cb = capital cost of the known plant of size b (Sb). CAPEX related to the STG+ process itself is estimated based on the ratio given by Primus Green Energy (company proprietary of the STG+ technology) that syngas generation typically represents 60% of total capital cost for commercial-scale plant and the STG+ process itself represents the other 40%. Two scales are considered: 10 MMSCFD of natural gas in the feed for comparison purpose with the previous years group and 62.5 MMSCFD of natural gas in the feed to evaluate the influence of the scale on the economic indicators. The economic indicators of the project are summarized in the following table: Feed Gas Flow rates (MMSCFD) 10 62.5 Net Present Value NPV @10% (million $) 14.66 371.86 Internal Rate of Return IRR 12.12% 22.87% Profit to Investment Ratio PIR 0.14 0.97 Breakeven price for Gasoline (CAD/L) 0.91 0.62 Table 1: Economic Indicators for project evaluation (Detail calculation in Appendix) Finally, a sensitivity analysis is made to see the influence of different variables: natural gas price, electricity price, gasoline price and capital cost on the NPV of the project. For these, all variables are changed +10% and -10% and the NPV are calculated. Results shown in the fig. 2 correspond to the case with 62.5 MMSCFD in the feed. However, it is the same trend in both cases: Figure 2: Sensitivity Analysis for case 62.5 MMSCFD It can be concluded that the project is economically feasible and the variable that impact the most the economics of the project is the gasoline price. 6.0. Recommendations We recommend considering the fractional conversions for C2-C11 compounds in reactor 1 to have a better picture of STG+ with its close loop process. A thorough composition analysis for gasoline in the fourth reactor gives more realistic results. There is much scope to extend our work by adding gasoline treatment and distillation column (instead of flash drum for more efficient separation) with proper chemical reactions and stoichiometric fractional conversions and kinetics to improve the market value of our product. There is possibility for considering more components in the feed gas till C5-C6. In our model, due to lack of data, we focused on chemical reactions and stoichiometric fractional conversions. There is scope for more efficient designing by working on catalyst cycle life. 7.0. Conclusion The 21st century is witnessing the establishment of a new global business based on natural gas processing. As a consequence, the gas-to-liquids (GTL) industry is becoming increasingly important as it is getting more difficult to find and extract new oil reserves as well as the presence of more environmental restraints. This is why we decided to apply the new STG+ process technology in our project to demonstrate its efficiency in the conversion of methane to gasoline. As previously stated, we decided to differ from the previous group process, mainly because its technology is old and their product is diesel as opposed to STG+ process which is a novel technology and its product being gasoline, which is more demanded in Canada. We chose to do the simulation of a small scale GTL plant that processes 10 MMSCFD of methane, producing 672 bbld, which resulted in an economically viable process. The economic indicators showed that, by increasing the production of gasoline, the profit would incr ease significantly (proven with the case 0f 62.5 MMSCFD). In conclusion, STG+ might be indeed successful and profitable in Alberta if there is a reliable source of natural gas and good market conditions. 8.0. References Alberta energy website.http://www.energy.alberta.ca/NaturalGas/1316.asp. Accessed on March 16th, 2017. Alberta energy website.http://www.energy.alberta.ca/Electricity/679.asp. Accessed on March 16th, 2017. Aspentech Support Technology, Inc.; Aspen Physical Property System 11.1; Cambridge, MA, September 2001. Choudhary V. R., Rajput A. M., Prabhakar B; Low temperature oxidative conversion of methane to syngas over NiO-CaO catalyst; Chemical Engineering Division; National Chemical Laboratory, India, May 1992. Haro P, Trippe F, Stahl R, Henrich E. Bio-syngas to gasoline and olefins via DME: A comprehensive Techno-economic assessment; Apple Energy; 2013; volume 108; page no.: 54-65. Heng H.C., Idrus. S; The future of gas to liquids as a gas monetization option; Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry 13, 2004; pages 63-70. http://www.albertagasprices.com/index.aspx?fuel=C . Accessed on March 16th, 2017. Kasaie M., Sohrabi M.; Kinetic Study on Methanol Dehydration to Dimethyl Ether Applying Clinoptilolite Zeolite as the Reaction Catalyst; Chemical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, January 2010. Keil, Frerich J.; Methanol-to-hydrocarbons: process technology; Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Hamburg-Harburg, Hamburg, Germany, July 1998; page 49. Larminie, James, Dicks, Andrew; Fuel Cell Systems Explained; West Sussex, U.K.: John Wiley Sons; 2000. Lebarbier V. M., Dagle R. A., Kovarik L., Adarme J. A. L., King D. L., Palo D. R.; Synthesis of methanol and dimethyl ether from syngas over Pd/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts; Richland, USA, June 2012. Mbodji M., Commenge J.M., Falk L., Di Marco, Rossignol F., Prost L., Valentin S., Joly R., Del-Gallo P. Steam methane reforming reaction process intensification by using a milli structured reactor: Experimental setup and model validation for global kinetic reaction rate estimation, Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 207-208, pages 871-884. Primus Green Energy website (http://primusge.wpengine.com/press-room/white-papers/), Accessed in March 2017. Shell Global Website (http://www.shell.com/energy-and-innovation/natural-gas/gas-to-liquids.htm), Accessed March 05, 2017. Wood, David A., Nwaoha C., Towler, Brian F; Gas-to-liquids (GTL): A review of an industry offering several routes for monetizing natural gas; Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, Volume 9, November 2012. Yang, Christopher; Ogden, Joan M. (2005).Analyzing Natural Gas Based Hydrogen Infrastructure Optimizing Transitions from Distributed to Centralized H2 Production; Institute of Transportation Studies; UC Davis. 9.0. Appendix Component in Aspen Plus ® Component name Formula Mass yield METHANE Methane CH4 - METHANOL Methanol CH4O - CO Carbon monoxide CO - CO2 Carbon dioxide CO2 - H2O Water H2O - ETHER Dimethyl ether C2H6O - H2 Hydrogen H2 - OCTANE n-Octane C8H18 3.582 HEXANE n-Hexane C6H14 2.702 HEPTANE n-Heptane C7H16 3.142 NONANE n-Nonane C9H20 4.022 DECANE n-Decane C10H22 4.462 N-C11 n-Undecane C11H24 24.602 N-C5 n-Pentane C5H12 36.078 OXYGEN Oxygen O2 47.549 ETHANE Ethane C2H6 4.901 PROPANE Propane C3H8 45.691 N-BUTANE n-Butane C4H10 69.321 ISOC4 Isobutane C4H10 101.615 ISOC5 2-Methyl-butane C5H12 75.269 ISOC6 2-Methyl-pentane C6H14 34.921 ISOC7 2,2-Dimethylpentane C7H16 3.137 ISOC8 2,2-Dimethylhexane C8H18 1.690 ISOC9 2-Methyloctane C9H20 0.491 ISOC10 2-Methylnonane C10H22 37.092 AROMC6 Benzene C6H6 4.024 AROMC7 o-Xylene C8H1

The Defense of Henry Sweet :: Essays Papers

The Defense of Henry Sweet For this assignment, I found a speech that was given by a famous defense attorney named Clarence Darrow. This speech is his closing remarks to the all-white jury in defense of a black man named Henry Sweet. The trial took place in Detroit, Michigan in May of 1926. Henry Sweet was accused of first-degree murder. I chose this text for my paper because it had more persuasive techniques in it than anything else I came across. Which is to be expected, because after all, the whole purpose of the speech was to persuade the jury. One of the techniques that this speech has an abundance of is the use of purr words. Darrow referred to the jury numerous times as being the â€Å"kindly†, â€Å"decent†, and â€Å"most humane† people of the society. He referred to the jury selection process by saying, â€Å"it took us a week to find you, a week of culling out the prejudice and hatred. Probably we did not cull it all out at that, but we took the best and the fairest that we could find.† The question that immediately came to my mind when I read that was, â€Å"best† and â€Å"fairest† of what/who? There were many instances like these throughout the speech. Darrow also made use of labels in the same way. By saying to the jury that he believed they were fair, just, and unprejudiced, he was trying to program them to overlook the fact that the defendant was black, (which, of course, was a very big deal back then†¦especially to the all-white jury). Darrow said at one point, â€Å"†¦ you know that if white men had been fighting their way against colored men, nobody would have dreamed of prosecution. And that from the beginning of this case to the end†¦ the prosecution is based on race prejudice and nothing else.† He based his whole speech on prejudice (and an argument against it) and the labels that he gave the jury were just one of many ways he did this. Darrow also referred to Henry Sweet as a â€Å"boy† on numerous occasions. Sweet was a grown man, but by labeling him as a boy, it made him seem more innocent and faultless to his audience.

Virtual Reality is Reality :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Virtual Reality is Reality In his essay, "A Rape in Cyberspace," Julian Dibbell wrote about a violent event that occurred in LambdaMOO, a virtual reality community. To some, Dibbell states, this event was nothing more than "spidery flitting of fingers across standard QWERTY keyboards" (450). On the other hand, to the victims it was much more. In his essay one of the victims was quoted as saying " ...[I] have thought about it for days. He hurt us both" (453). The effect that the virtual event had on the victim was obviously real; thus, this event effected their real life. According to Heim, the author of "The Essence of VR," virtual reality is "an event or entity that is real in effect but not in fact" (16). Is it the effect of a matter or the fact, materiality, of a matter that depicts how real an event is? If it is the fact, there is a distinct line between virtual reality and real life. However, if the impact that an event has on a person's life is what makes an event real, then virtual reality i s very real and the line between virtual reality and real life is very faint if it exists at all. The use of virtual reality is increasing in many areas of society such as: communication, business, education, and medicine. Perhaps this increase will cause the lives of all people, even those who do not use computer technology which is typically thought of as the medium for virtual reality, to be impacted. It is important to know if and where the line between virtual reality and real life exists due to this steady increase of virtual reality use. This essay will provide evidence focusing on how the line is slowly disappearing as virtual reality is shaping the way medicine effects our health and livelihood. The ways in which virtual reality impacts peoples' lives are rapidly increasing, especially with the increased use of virtual reality in medicine. One example of this is in the testing of colon cancer. An article from ABCNews entitled "The Wonders of Virtual Surgery" states that, "the American Cancer Society predicts that 96,500 people will get colon cancer in 1998, and 47,700 will die of it.

Feminist Criticism of Vice-presidential Nomination Acceptance Speech

Feminist Criticism of Vice-presidential Nomination Acceptance Speech Women began taking on political roles over a century ago as they fought for the right to be recognized within the governmental system in the United States. In 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment was added to the Constitution which gave women the right to vote. Since then, women have made leaps and bounds within the political sphere. However, these expansive steps were not taken easily. Constant negotiation is necessary for women in political positions. Women must negotiate between identities, values, and ideologies in order to achieve political status. Women are constantly negotiating identities between spaces and battling stereotypes based on â€Å"a presupposed particular set of social arrangements respecting male and female sexual and reproductive relations which was assumed to be ‘natural’† (Clark 168). This division creates a public and private sphere â€Å"by articulating one set of rules for the private sphere and another set, quite different, for the public sphere (168). Traditionally, the public sphere is viewed as the sphere for men and the private is where women belong (Wischermann 185). Gender dichotomies cause the â€Å"marking of the private sphere as ‘woman’s realm,’ in which work is performed out of love, and [reflect] on the way boundaries between the private and public are drawn in the context of patriarchal power structures† (185). Women, therefore, have been limited to the private sphere which focuses on family and home. This limitation for women often dictates their behavior and frequently dictates the political platforms of women who enter politics (185). Throughout the Women’s Movement, women strived â€Å"to characterize the private as also... ...therhoos and Political Involvement: The Construction of Gender and Political Identities.† Feminism and Psychology. 2000: 486-491. Clark, Lorenne M. G. â€Å"Women and the State: Critical Theory- Oasis or Desert Island?.† Canadian Journal of Women and the Law. 1992: 166-. Coletti, Elisabetta. â€Å"Geraldine Ferraro.† Christian Science Monitor. September 1999: 23-. English, Leona M. â€Å"Negotiations in Third Space.† The Journal of the Britain and Ireland School of Feminist Theology. September 2004. 97-. Farrell, Thomas J. â€Å"The Female and Male Modes of Rhetoric.† College English. April 1979: 909-921. Fox, Richard L. and Schuhmann, Robert A. â€Å"Gender and the Role of the City Manager.† Social Science Quarterly. June 2000: 605-. Wischermann, Ulla. â€Å"Feminist Theories on the Separation of the Private and the Public: Looking Back, Looking Forward.† Women in German. 2004: 184-.

What Made Britain so Different from the Rest of Europe Before 1850

What made Britain so different from the rest of Europe before 1850? – By 1850, Britain had changed in a number of social and economic ways, for a variety of reasons, primarily the industrial revolution as the historians O’Brien and Quinault argue that Britain ‘represented a potent â€Å"example† for Western Europe and the United States of what could be achieved’ highlighting British superiority and influence. The consequences of this momentous event can still be seen in Britain and around the world today due to the technological and scientific discoveries and innovations of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.The development of British industry consequently led to significant differences between Britain and other European countries such as France and Portugal, however, the industrial revolution was not the single contributing factor to these differences. The expansion of the British Empire changed British society and ultimately led to greater pow er and influence over Europe, alongside important events such as the Napoleonic Wars, which in turn led to naval and military supremacy, as Britain were affected less negatively in comparison to other European countries.This essay will argue that Britain was different to Europe before 1850 as a result of the industrial revolution and its consequences, the expansion of the empire and the Napoleonic Wars. It can be argued that Britain was different from the rest of Europe before 1850 as a result of the industrial revolution; however, one may argue that this was the case before the advent of industrialization.This can be attributed to the fact that the Industrial Revolution occurred primarily in Britain, rather than in any other European country, emphasising that there were significant differences in order for this to occur. Many historians will argue that Britain was the ideal nation for the events of the Industrial Revolution to occur in as the Agricultural Revolution had preceded it , therefore, productivity of the land and the labour force had increased, unlike in Europe.Furthermore, historians will argue that Britain initiated the revolution due to the fact that they ‘were already a long way ahead of her chief potential competitor in per capita output and trade’, which arguably can be attributed to their naval supremacy over Europe. Additionally, although debatable, it is suggested by the historian Mokyr that before 1780 ‘Britain was comparatively peaceful’ as the nation was politically and socially stable, as people respected institutions and the laissez faire government worked effectively, resulting in a suitable nvironment for industrial and economic growth . Moreover, Mokyr suggests that there were a number of other ‘British advantages’ such as the large amount of iron and coal available to them, alongside the geography of being an island, which decreased the likelihood of foreign invasions. Therefore, it is clear th at Britain was different from Europe before the Industrial Revolution occurred as they possessed significant political, social and economic advantages.Moreover, the Industrial Revolution is certainly a monumental event in causing substantial social, economic and political change, resulting in differences between Britain and Europe. In terms of positive social change, there was an ‘overwhelming transformation of social life in both industry and agriculture’ as the Industrial Revolution was extremely profitable for the middle class, in comparison to that of the nobility, as many workers gained employment in factories as new technology resulted in less need for labour in agriculture.Furthermore, urbanisation transformed cities such as Manchester, by dramatically increasing population from ‘40,000 in the 1780s to 142,000 by 1831’. Additionally, the life expectancy of children increased-the percentage of children born in London who died before the age of five de creased from 74. 5% in 1730–1749 to 31. 8% in 1810–1829, highlighting that healthcare in Britain had improved more so than in Europe. Not all social consequences of the Industrial Revolution were positive however.Child labour during this period was a serious problem-children as young as 4 were expected to work in factories in dangerous conditions with low pay. Working conditions were not only problematic for children, but also for adults, illustrated by Engels, who argues that the ‘industrial epoch’ had created ‘filth, ruin and uninhabitableness, the defiance of all considerations of cleanliness, ventilation, and health’ highlighting the unsanitary and unsafe surroundings. However, the government attempted to solve this problem with the Factory Acts of 1833.Housing also became a problem as many poor people lived in tiny houses, with extremely bad sanitation, which in turn led to tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid and lung disease. However, while t his is true, in the context of the time, the workers and middle class did benefit greatly from the Industrial Revolution in some way, as wages increased and ‘widespread poverty and constant threat of mass starvation†¦lessened, [and] overall health and material conditions of the populace clearly improved’.Therefore it is clear that Britain was different in social terms as a result of the Industrial Revolution to Europe due to urbanisation, more jobs, a population increase and better health care. Additionally, Britain can be seen to be different from Europe in 1850 as a result of the economic consequences of the Industrial Revolution, which brought about a ‘modern economy’. The economy had already been transformed by the agricultural revolution as the labour force had grown, which in turn had increased productivity creating larger profits, highlighted by the fact that the male labour force in industry in Britain in 1840 was 47. % in comparison to Europeà ¢â‚¬â„¢s 25. 3%. Moreover, the creation of the factory had improved production levels and therefore decreased production costs, which bettered the economy, unlike in Europe where agriculture still played a dominant role. While it is true that the British economy did improve during the Industrial Revolution, the extent of it is often exaggerated. The rate of growth of income per capita between 1760 and 1800 was at ‘0. 2% a year’ and from 1800 to 1830 increased only to ‘0. 5%’.However, while this is true, the economic effects of the Industrial Revolution meant that ‘Britain in 1850 had the highest income level in the world’ and became ‘the leading economic and technological nation†¦with all the political prestige and power that came with that’. Therefore, it is clear that there were distinct economic differences between Britain and Europe as a result of the Industrial Revolution, as Britain’s economy was based on industry , whereas many European countries such as France had not industrialised their economy effectively and were still reliant on agriculture.In addition to this, a fundamental difference between Europe and Britain even before 1850, was the expanding British empire. The strength and scale of the empire meant that Britain had better trade links with America, the West Indies and India. Thus, they had the advantage of having access to a number of raw materials and exports from these countries that were not readily available to the rest of Europe.Although it can be argued that other European countries such as France, Spain and Portugal had colonies within America and so could therefore also trade with their colonies, it is evident that that the ‘global trade network [was] dominated by British shipping’ as Britain’s naval supremacy made importing and exporting manufactured goods much easier and more profitable, bettering their own economy in comparison to that of Europe. Mo reover, Britain were able to expand their empire and their trade links as they did not engage in wars commonly, on a scale that France and other European countries did, such as in the case of the Napoleonic Wars.Although Britain did involve themselves in the Napoleonic Wars, their military resources were much better than those in Europe and so they were less affected by its Therefore, it is clear that the scale of Britain’s empire in comparison to that of other European nations was much larger, which in turn led to greater differences in trade, whilst their military supremacy made recovering from wars much easier. In conclusion, it is certainly clear that there were fundamental differences between Britain and Europe before 1850, many primarily as a result of the industrial revolution.Whilst Britain were different to Europe before the beginning of industrialization, shown by the fact that the revolution occurred primarily in Britain, rather than in any other European country, it is clear that the consequences of the industrial revolution shaped British society, and the world, with its effects still being seen today. Although the empire and Napoleonic Wars were advantageous to Britain before 1850 in improving trade links and maintaining naval and military supremacy, the effects of the revolution made Britain superior to other European nations in political, social and economic terms.Therefore, it is clear that the differences between Britain and Europe occurred as a result of the expanding empire, effects of the Napoleonic Wars, but primarily was due to the social and economic effects of the industrial revolution. Bibliography * Asa Briggs, ‘Manchester, Symbol of a New Age’, Victorian Cities. (New York and Evanston: Harper and Row, 1970) pp. 88-138. * N. F. R. Crafts, The Industrial Revolution: Economic Growth in Britain, 1700-1860. * Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844, (Cosimo Inc. , 2009) * Valerie Hansen , Kenneth Curtis, Kenneth R.Curtis, Voyages in World History, Volume 2, (Cengage Learning, 2003) * Eric Hobsbawm, History of Civilisation: The Age of Revolution, Europe 1789-1848 (London, 1969) p. 29. * Joel Mokyr, ‘The Industrial Revolution’, The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Economic History, (Oxford University Press, 2003) vol. 3, pp. 49-56. * Patrick O’Brien and Roland Quinault, The Industrial Revolution and British Society (Cambridge University Press, 1993) p. 231. * Glenn Porter, ‘Industrial Revolution. ’, Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. (Microsoft Corporation, 1999) ——————————————– [ 1 ].Patrick O’Brien and Roland Quinault, The Industrial Revolution and British Society (Cambridge University Press, 1993) p. 3. [ 2 ]. Eric Hobsbawm, History of Civilisation: The Age of Revolution, Europe 1789-1848 (London, 1969) p. 29. [ 3 ]. Joel Mokyr, â₠¬ËœThe Industrial Revolution’, The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Economic History, (Oxford University Press, 2003) vol. 3, pp. 49-56. [ 4 ]. Joel Mokyr, ‘The Industrial Revolution’, The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Economic History, (Oxford University Press, 2003) vol. 3, pp. 49-56. [ 5 ]. Patrick O’Brien and Roland Quinault, The Industrial Revolution and British Society (Cambridge University Press, 1993) p. 31. [ 6 ]. Asa Briggs, ‘Manchester, Symbol of a New Age’, Victorian Cities. (New York and Evanston: Harper and Row, 1970) pp. 88-138. [ 7 ]. Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844, (Cosimo, Inc. , 2009) [ 8 ]. Glenn Porter, ‘Industrial Revolution. ’, Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. (Microsoft Corporation, 1999) [ 9 ]. Joel Mokyr, ‘The Industrial Revolution’, The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Economic History, (Oxford University Press, 2003) vol. 3, pp. 49-56. [ 10 ]. N. F. R. Crafts, The Industrial Revolution: Economic Growth in Britain, 1700-1860 [ 11 ].Joel Mokyr, ‘The Industrial Revolution’, The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Economic History, (Oxford University Press, 2003) vol. 3, pp. 49-56. [ 12 ]. Joel Mokyr, ‘The Industrial Revolution’, The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Economic History, (Oxford University Press, 2003) vol. 3, pp. 49-56. [ 13 ]. N. F. R. Crafts, The Industrial Revolution: Economic Growth in Britain, 1700-1860. [ 14 ]. Joel Mokyr, ‘The Industrial Revolution’, The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Economic History, (Oxford University Press, 2003) vol. 3, pp. 49-56. [ 15 ]. Valerie Hansen, Kenneth Curtis, Kenneth R Curtis, Voyages in World History, Volume 2, (Cengage Learning, 2003) p. 664.

Analysis of Pharmacy Code of Ethics Essay

from each adept profession has a set of ethical enters and guidelines which they essential adhere to in nine to reach optimum trust and advance maestro kins with their customer or tolerant. sin of the specified chance lead take in damage of tolerants trust, credibility in ones ability to work in their milieu with a non- physical object view and so forth. A pill rollers master(prenominal) tendency is to provide and assist endurings in making the right judgment visiting their intention of medication anything that via medias the ethical enrol must be ac noesisd and dealt with accordingly. In a Pharmacy profession there atomic number 18 eight ethical codes of which five I allow for discuss the first is to abide by the relationship boundaries between a patient and a pill pusher (US Pharm D). There may arise cases where one wants to be objective and voice an opinion that doesnt compositors case the voice of a chemist, al modes bring forward that its a p rofessional relationship regardless of how close one is to the patients outside of work being unbiased makes it easier to sharply provide an answer.In regard to this code, a apothecarys main goal is to maintain the trust of the patient which goes both(prenominal) ways trust that the patient has listened and mum the use of the medication and will unendingly use it the right musical mode, and in mold the patient trusts that you have provided to the outstrip of your knowledge the most suitable medication. The theory that best fits the image portrayed by this code is Kants theory, to always treat some former(a)s as an end to themselves and neer merely as means, this means that a pharmacist isnt promoting a specific medicine and completely neglecting his patience health and terminating patients boilersuit trust. The pharmacist should in no way lie to the patient piece of music large(p) treatment even if their intention was for good. concord to Kants theory good results neve r make an action morally right. Promoting the intumescebeing of every patient in a caring compassionate and confidential manner is the secondary code of ethics (US Pharm D). violence on this code is on all-embracing debt instrument of the patient and no other to offer compassion and treat them in a private manner while maintaining patients dignity. commandment of liberality provides a clear justification of this code in the state that advocates promotion for patients wel farawaye. Signing up in a healthcargon profession alike chemists doesnt requires extreme sacrifices with regard to the patient like a operating surgeon would here there is no inviolable duty and the act of beneficence isnt maximized. For instance working in this written report wont require the professional to cancel their plans for a patients comfort. A equipoise is maintained between the patients and pharmacists level of selfishness. The thirdly ethical code of a pharmacist is to respect the autonomy an d dignity of each patient (US Pharm D). The code simply states that a pharmacist will communicate with a patient in such a way that will provide viscid understanding and allow patient to contact in decision making process.Pharmacist should allow patient the right to be self-determined as well as self-worth. Principle of autonomy best fits this model and affirms a patients right to utilize self-independence but only when if the patient is able to make rational and sound judgment. That being said, if the patients fails to be sore there exists an exception. The exception is justified by the principle of paternalism, meaning that other individuals who are taking care of the patient will have the right to decide preferably and work with the pharmacist. Like all other professions that have a basic rule of truth in their relationships, so does pharmacy. A pharmacist must act with a conscience mind, tell the virtue, quash actions that will render impaired judgment and compromise wha t the profession stands for as well as the patients well-being (US Pharm D).This code mirrors sign ethical code of pharmacy pertaining to conventional relationship between the patient and pharmacist (US Pharm D) just as the initial code was validated by Kants moral theory so is this circumstance code. Under no circumstances should a patient be misled. This goes as far as to support the patient to be able to acknowledge whether the medication they are being giving is a placebo or not. Also principle of beneficence is in affect here due to maximise welfare of patient, by telling the truth and being honest there is agency for greater professional judgment. Principle of returns justifies that pharmacist should act in a way to bring great attain and less harm again by being honest there is tokenish room for error due to there being a lack of curtailment of important information and communication.Aside from honesty and maintaining patients trust, a prominent code would be regardin g your capacity as a pharmacist (US Pharm D). A pharmacist has an obligation to taking into custody on top of their field indicating that one must be up-to-date with the newest medication, technologies, and devices. neglect of knowledge will lead to unequal analysis and endanger a patients health. Principle of nonmaleficence states that one doesnt need malic to cause harm, ignorance as well can lead violating this code. Remember as pharmacist one must avoid harm and take full responsibility of a pharmacist professional role in short there is no leeway in this ethical code, its absolute.